4^th International Conference on Integrative Biology July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany

Structural biology seeks to provide a complete and coherent picture of biological phenomena at the molecular and atomic level. The goals of structural biology include developing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular shapes and forms embraced by biological macromolecules and extending this knowledge to understand how different molecular architectures are used to perform the chemical reactions that are central to life.

Cell biology (formerly cytology, from the Greek kytos, "contain") is a branch of biology that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division, death and cell function. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level diversifying the field to Stem cell biology, Tumor cell biology, and Cell biology through proteomics importantly.

 Cell biology research encompasses both the great diversity of single-celled organisms like bacteria and protozoa, as well as the many specialized cells in multicellular organisms such as humans, plants, and sponges. The advancing Live cell imaging encompasses its applications to Biochips for cell biology, Single-cell ros imaging and Experimental models and clinical transplantation in cell biology and indeed many more.  

The National Science Foundation has come up with great funding opportunities for Cell Biology Research and major universities has concentrated on the study for Cell Biology has always been basis of study formerly, to name majorly Harvard University, Universities of Virginia, Yale School of Medicine and The University of Illinois.  The Research has attracted funding grants from NIH too for its increasing interest among researchers.

Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organ.  Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells for Characterization of engineered tissues, engineering and materials methods to study the Advanced technologies in tissue assembly for New insights into regenerative tissue, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions. While it was once categorized as a sb-field of biomaterials, having grown in scope and importance it can be considered as a field in its own right.

Major universities as of University of California San Francisco, University of Pennsylvania and Leigh University has come up with the research of Tissue Biology encouraging and attracting students round the globe for the same.

Stem cells are cells originate in all multi-cellular organisms. They were isolated in mice in 1981 and in humans in 1998. In humans there are several types of stem cells, each with variable levels of potency. Stem cell treatments are a type of cell therapy that introduces new cells into adult bodies for possible treatment of cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders and other medical conditions. Stem cells have been used to repair tissue damaged by disease or age. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm, but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.

Developmental Biology mainly focus on mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in animals and plants at the molecular, cellular, genetic and evolutionary levels. Areas of particular emphasis include transcriptional control mechanisms, embryonic patterning, cell-cell interactions, growth factors and signal transduction, and regulatory hierarchies in developing plants and animals. Research Areas Include:-Molecular genetics of development, Control of gene expression, Cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions, Mechanisms of differentiation, Growth factors and oncogenes, Regulation of stem cell populations, Evolution of developmental control, and Gametogenesis and fertilization.

Again National Science Foundation has bought its focus on Developmental Biology Branch too for funding and encouraging research. The Welcome Trust too supports the Four Year PhD programme with its funding to encourage the growing research interest in the field. 

Structural biology seeks to provide a complete and coherent picture of biological phenomena at the molecular and atomic level. The goals of structural biology include developing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular shapes and forms embraced by biological macromolecules and extending this knowledge to understand how different molecular architectures are used to perform the chemical reactions that are central to life.

Biological engineering (Cellular and Molecular Bio-Engineering) or bioengineering (including biological systems engineering) is the application of concepts and methods of biology (and secondarily of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science (In vitro testing in bioengineering)) to solve real-world problems related to the life sciences or the application thereof, using engineering's own analytical and synthetic methodologies (defined as Synthetic bioengineering) and also its traditional sensitivity to the cost and practicality of the solution(s) arrived at. In this context, while traditional engineering applies physical and mathematical sciences to analyze, design and manufacture inanimate tools, structures and processes, biological engineering uses primarily the rapidly developing body of knowledge known as molecular biology to study and advance applications of living organisms and to create biotechnology like Cancer Bioengineering used for Organ bioengineering and regeneration.

Bio-engineering study remains the main interest of research with more than 340 schools focusing on it majorly being Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of California - San Diego, University of Washington, Stanford University and the list goes on.

Systems biology is the study of Theoretical aspects of systems biology of biological components, which may be molecules, cells, organisms or entire species. Living systems are dynamic and complex and their behavior may be hard to predict from the properties of individual parts.

It involves the computational (involving Insilico modeling in systems biology, Biomarker identification in systems biology) and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. An emerging engineering approach applied to biomedical and biological scientific research, systems biology is a biology-based inter-disciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological and biomedical research involving the use of In vitro regulatory models in systems biology using OMICS tools. Particularly from year 2000 onwards, the concept has been used widely in the biosciences in a variety of contexts.  

Many Funding Opportunities in this research has been bought up by Support ISB, National Science Foundation, NIH and many Collaborative Funding Opportunities.

Molecular biology concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between the different types of DNA, RNA and proteins and their biosynthesis, and studies how these interactions are regulated. It has many applications like in gene finding, molecular mechanisms of diseases and its therapeutic approaches by cloning, expression and regulation of gene. Research area includes gene expression, epigenetics and chromatin structure and function, RNA processing, functions of non coding RNAs, transcription.

Genomics research often requires the development of new techniques utilizing Genomics and bioinformatics tools for target assessment, including both experimental protocols and data analysis algorithms, to enable a deeper understanding of complex biological systems. In this respect, the field is entering a new and exciting era; rapidly improving “next-generation” DNA sequencing technologies, Cloud computing, hadoop in genomics, now allow for the routine sequencing of entire genomes and Transcriptomes, or of virtually any targeted set of DNA or RNA molecules.

Genomic labs have the fastest growing market with nearly 250 universities concentrating on its research majorly to be named Whitetail Genetic Research Institute, Stanford University, National Human Genome Research Institute. Major companies concentrating on the research are Affymetrix, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Genentech etc.

Computational Biology is an area of resesearch used for the biological studies that use computer programming as part of their methodology, as well as a reference to specific analysis by computational biology tools for protein analysis that are repeatedly used, particularly in the fields of Structural genomics and bioinformatics in systems biology. Common uses of bioinformatics include the identification of candidate genes and nucleotides (SNPs). Often, such identification is made with the aim of better understanding the Translational bioinformatics for genomic medicine, Genomics in marine monitoring, and Applications of genomics and bioinformatics.

Bioimaging Sciences was established to focus on research and teaching in the area of bioimaging methodology. Bioimaging is taking on new dimensions as scientists develop new sensors to explore biological structure and function, and visualize/analyze this information in three and four dimensions. Bioimaging research is fast becoming integrative in nature, both in terms of the type of sensor (e.g., NMR, x-ray, visible light for everything from microscopy to optical coherence tomography, ultrasound, etc.), scale (molecular to cellular to organ), and range of applications, from molecular crystallography to imaging the neuronal correlates of the mind. Medical imaging and microscope/fluorescence image processing are important parts of bioimaging referring to the techniques and processes used to create images of the human body, anatomical areas, tissues, and so on, down to the molecular level, for clinical purposes, seeking to reveal, diagnose, or examine diseases, or medical science, including the study of normal anatomy and physiology. Image processing methods, such as denoising, segmentation, deconvolution and registration methods, feature recognition and classification represent an indispensable part of bioimaging, as well as related data analysis and statistical tools.